The effect of galvanic interaction between grinding media and minerals on sphalerite flotation is discussed. The effect of the presence and absence of oxygen as well. 12Volt, 100Watt / MDS-100BPS12 B. (October 2017, Rev. 05) 2 Specifications. Galvanic Isolation Input to Output 4000 Vac. The effect of galvanic interaction between the grinding media. The simultaneous presence of the collector along with the activator during galvanic contact lowers. 4 Heat Transfer 3 1 2 6 100 25 25 150 5. Determination of energy of activation using. Corrosion: a) Types of corrosion - Galvanic. Background Chronic neck pain is a common problem and is often associated with changes in sensorimotor functions, such as reduced proprioceptive acuity of the neck, altered coordination of the cervical muscles, and increased postural sway. In line with these findings there are studies supporting the efficacy of exercises targeting different aspects of sensorimotor function, for example training aimed at improving proprioception and muscle coordination. To further develop this type of exercises we have designed a novel device and method for neck coordination training. The aim of the study was to investigate the clinical applicability of the method and to obtain indications of preliminary effects on sensorimotor functions, symptoms and self-rated characteristics in non-specific chronic neck pain. Methods The study was designed as an uncontrolled clinical trial including fourteen subjects with chronic non-specific neck pain. A new device was designed to allow for an open skills task with adjustable difficulty. With visual feedback, subjects had to control the movement of a metal ball on a flat surface with a rim strapped on the subjects' head. Eight training sessions were performed over a four week period. Skill acquisition was measured throughout the intervention period. After intervention subjects were interviewed about their experience of the exercise and pain and sensorimotor functions, including the fast and slow components of postural sway and jerkiness-, range-, position sense-, movement time- and velocity of cervical rotation, were measured. At six-month follow up, self-rated pain, health and functioning was collected. Chronic neck pain is a common problem [ ]. Since the knowledge on the pathophysiology is scarce, treatment efforts are largely pragmatic, focusing on pain management and restoring functioning and abilities. In order to advance the efficacy of treatment and rehabilitation, new knowledge has to be integrated in clinical practice. One area that has generated much novel results over the last years is the research on sensorimotor functions in chronic neck pain. Thus, a wide range of changes in sensorimotor functions have been identified in these conditions, such as: reduced proprioceptive sensibility of the neck [, ] and shoulder [ ]; increased jerkiness of cervical rotations [ ]; impaired postural control in quiet stance [ – ]; and altered activation patterns of cervical muscles [ ]. Based on such evidence from clinical research, along with data from experimental studies, several models on the pathogenesis of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions includes mechanisms involving sensorimotor functions (e.g., [, ]). ![]() In line with the above, studies on neck pain patients evaluating the efficacy of exercise regimes targeting cervical sensorimotor functions have shown promising results. Thus, specific exercises for eye-head-neck coordination were shown to reduce pain [ – ] as well as to improve kinaesthetic sense and cervical range of movement [, ] at retests after interventions. To improve the neuromuscular coordination of the deep ventral cervical muscles, a specific cranio-cervical flexion exercise has been developed together with an adherent device. This exercise was shown to reduce headache in patients suffering from cervicogenic headache [ ] as well as to reduce pain and improve kinaesthetic sense in chronic neck pain patients [ ]. The above mentioned exercises focus on slow movements and closed skills tasks (i.e., the task is highly predictable). Drawing on the literature on motor learning, an opportunity for further development of exercises targeting sensorimotor function of the neck resides in designing an exercise which entails a more open skills task, for example via an unstable dynamic system. Such an exercise is less predictable and demand on-line adjustments of the neuromuscular control system. ![]() ![]() ![]()
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